Group A
Resolution on the Baloch National Question and Federal Solution
The Working Group having discussed the historical-political-social nature of the Baloch national question, and having taken note of the colonial origins of the issue, the post-colonial continuity of the same, and the state of the divided Baloch people today in three countries and more sub-regions, recommends that:
1) The Baloch national question will have to be addressed in its totality so that the basic rights and identity of the Baloch as a people are safeguarded in the entire region, and the issue is resolved amicably ensuring regional peace and stability.
2) Federalism had never been given a fair chance in Pakistan to resolve the Baloch national question. Elected, civilian, and military rulers have personified their misrule. There is a need to address the national question in a constitutional way by using peaceful means. The issue can be taken up with the mutual consent of other nations and peoples of Pakistan towards rebuilding the political-legal structure for the country with all nations and peoples enjoying equal rights and representation at all level.
3) Pakistan should be declared a multi-national federal state, which comprises distinct peoples with distinct cultures, languages, and geographical and historical backgrounds.
4) The Baloch national question is an issue of regional peace which calls for recognition of the essential elements of justice. Gross violations of human rights happen in acute conflict conditions as has happened in Balochistan. Regional peace can be preserved only when legitimate rights of the Baloch people and other peoples are protected and conflicts are resolved peacefully.
5) The right of Baloch people to own resources of their land has to be recognised and the other peoples should also be given the same right. Exploitation of otherâ?Ts resources is impermissible and a violation of basic rights of the people. The right to access over own resources is to be combined to with principles of interdependence and need for help to the backward and deprived peoples.
6) A Truth Commission comprising eminent jurists, academics and representatives of the civil society has to be formed to find out the truth about the sufferings to the Baloch people in the past 54 years, so that responsibility for the same can be determined towards restoration of justice and dignity.
7) The establishment of a truth commission can work when the nations and peoples of Pakistan enter into a new social contract renewing trust on each other and begin journey towards new federalism enriched with new forms of autonomy and new notions of shared sovereignty.
8) Towards establishing such new federalism there is a need for a re-demarcation of internal territorial boundaries between the provinces based on deliberations among different nations and peoples, voluntary consent of affected people, contiguity, and history. Such re-demarcation must be accompanied by guarantees of the rights of national, ethnic, racial, and other minorities.
9) After re-demarcation of national boundaries, the Baloch people will have to defend the rights of the cultural and religious minorities in all circumstances giving them equal rights in all spheres of human activities.
10) The spirit of new federalism will draw from some of the ideals of a con-federal association, shared sovereignty, and the above mentioned need for a new social contract.
11) Balochi language should be adopted as a medium of instructions and education beginning at the elementary level of education initially.
12) The Baloch national question will have to be viewed and analyzed in the broader perspective of a divided people, which will need forms of unions such as the Sami parliament and other such arrangements that combine state existence with inter-union of people spread over more than one country.
13) Free movement of Baloch people within the boundaries of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan should be guaranteed with facilities for travel, trade and cultural exchanges for promoting understanding among different segments of Baloch people in the region.
Group B
Resolution on the Historical and Political Basis of the Baloch Quest for Autonomy
And Self-determination from the point of Peace, Human Rights and Social Justice
- Where there is political deprivation, issues of violations of human rights, peace and social justice become vital for social and political discourse. The Baloch question of autonomy has been prominent and has been raised by Baloch leaders and intellectuals as political issue and has been a cause of many repressive actions by the State against the Baloch people.
- Balochistan means the eastern and south-eastern part of Iran from Dasht e Lut in the west to the lower half of the Indus valley in Pakistan, including the south western part of Afghanistan. Its total area is approximately 340000sq. miles and its population is estimated to 20 million. Geographically Balochistan is a part of the Iranian plateau and culturally it forms part of South west Asia, also the area where South Asia ends.
- The Baloch resisted against Iranian attempts to domination up to 1928 when Raza Shah of Iran subdued them with British support. The eastern part of Balochistan was further divided into British Balochistan, Balochistan states, while a part of Seistan was given over as lease.
- At the end of the nineteenth century, in greater imperial interests the British negotiated with the Afghan government and decided to draw the Durand line and Goldsmith line which resulted in dividing Baloch homeland in three parts. And, in the name of administrative purpose, huge tracts of land from Balochistan were annexed to the provinces of Punjab and Sindh under British control.
- The land and the people of Balochistan have a distinct national, cultural and political and administrative entity and identity from centuries. By the beginning of the twentieth century territorial changes occurred in this area. Political maps of the world have changed repeatedly to serve the interests of the imperial hegemonic powers. Wars, revolutions, and political movements have brought major shifts in human population and values of various cultures and societies.
- Many countries have divided and re-divided and new states have emerged as independent states. Borders have run through cultural and linguistic entities. And thus the national issue of Balochistan was left unresolved. The area of Derjat and Khangarh (Jacobabad) were demarcated and given to British India.
- Early 20th century when the movement for independence in the Indian subcontinent gathered momentum, the Baloch people also asserted their political and geographical identity. The people of Balochistan under the auspices of Kalat National Party started a movement for their democratic rights. During this period conferences were held highlighting Baloch identity, and the inspiration to sovereignty. In March 1940, the Lahore resolution was passed by the All India Muslim league which clearly declared that the new potential state of Pakistan would be a federation. At that time Balochistan was an independent state (Kalat State Union), having a bicameral assembly. The issue of annexation was debated and rejected by both the houses of Balochistan parliament. However, a year later after the creation of Pakistan the annexation was forced on the State of Kalat by Pakistan. That created a wave of resentment and political unrest, which resulted into an armed revolt and had to be got quelled by coercion.
- In 1920, Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd and Mir Yousuf Ali Khan Magsi initiated a political movement, Anjuman e Ittehad Balochistan (Organization for the unity of Baloch and Balochistan). In 1931 Kalat State National Party was formed by Mir Ghous Bux Bizenjo, the aim of these attempts was to secure United Balochistan.
- The first Baloch national conference was held in 1932 to shape the future contours of Baloch nationalist agenda which continues till today. The movement has seen various ups and downs in the last hundred years. Political movements of the people have been going on in form of various demands for self-determination and autonomy.
- On August 11 1947, before the independence of India and Pakistan Balochistanâ?Ts Independence was announced by British.
- On March 27, 1948, Balochistan was annexed by force in Pakistan. Mr. Ghous Bux Bizenjo, Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd and several other political leaders were jailed or placed under house arrest or exiled. On May 1948, Agha Karim Khan, the governor of Makran, launched a rebellion against Pakistan and went to mountains with numerous members of the National Party.
- The newly created state of Pakistan did not honor its resolve to achieve a true and genuine federal political arrangement. The political and administrative structure was highly centralized. The rights of smaller groups and federating units were denied by the Punjabi ruling clique. Pakistanâ?Ts ruling elite treated all nationalist movements, particularly Baloch nationalist struggle, as a threat to the state and the so-called â?~national securityâ?T. The establishment reacted to all political movements with strong oppressive measures.
- Baloch struggled for political recognition has continued till now in different forms and strategies that have included constitutional struggles also. Unfortunately the constitutional attempts have remained unsuccessful â?" one instance being the first elected Baloch nationalist government in Pakistan, headed by Attaullah Mengal, which was forcibly dissolved by the Federal Government forcefully eight months of its establishment, with majority of the members of assembly being put behind bars. Two elected provincial governments in Balochistan were broken down by power and conspiracy.
- Balochistan has gone through four armed conflicts since 1948. The discrimination against Balochistan in term of resource allocation, government services, education, and development of basic infrastructure has been conspicuous from the beginning.
- One hundred years of continued human rights violation and oppression has reduced the indigenous Baloch population into a â?~minorityâ?T. The people of Balochistan see the recent development projects another threat to their livelihood and political aspirations. It is feared that these projects will result into greater displacement of Baloch people and an inward migration of others, which will be again a blow to demography of Baloch population. The nuclear blasts and defense programs of Pakistan have made the people poorer and more vulnerable.
- The present traditional Baloch society has a number of inherited structural discriminations. The hierarchy of tribe, caste, clan and patriarchy is reflected in various forms of oppression within the society at various levels. The colonial system provided full support to the tribal ruling class and strengthened and contributed to the perpetuation of tribalism. The ruling elite of Pakistan and Iran have also joined hands with the tribal ruling class to continue the system based on undemocratic values.
- The worst form of discrimination and violation of rights can be witnessed against women in present Baloch society. The patriarchy is so strong that women are being killed in the name of honor and treated as third class citizens. Their mobility is extremely restricted which has resulted in marginalization of women at all levels of society including their access to information, education, resources and to the decision making institutions. Womenâ?Ts participation and representation is also negligible in all spheres of state and society.
- The notion of peace in the present Baloch context is intriguing. The grievances of the ordinary citizens of Balochistan remain un-addressed. The post 1977 situation has worsened the plight of people. This is a continuous phase of human rights violations, which include torture and extrajudicial killings. Nuclear tests and missile tests in Balochistan have created health sufferings, drought, displacements and rising insecurities. The neighboring Shia fundamentalism in Iran and Sunni fundamentalism in Punjab are threatening the traditional secular society of Baloch where Hindus, Christians, Zikris and Sunnis had lived for long in relative peace. In the structure of decision-making the Baloch has no representation, so development and all related policies are against the existence of Baloch people.
Group C
Resolution on the Current State of the Nationality Question
1. The term "nationality" implies a group within a state, which may seek the right of self-determination. Though that particular nationality can uphold the right to secession and the formation of an independent state, it does not imply that it necessarily has to seek only that solution in gaining political recognition and self-determination. Autonomy with guarantees for provincial and national rights may satisfy a particular nationalityâ?Ts aspiration.
2. In South Asia, the question of nationalities has asserted itself in the post-colonial multinational states. Dominant nationalities in these states have not accorded fair and just treatment to their minorities or their deprived and marginalized nationalities â?" a situation that has given rise to movements for national rights. To resolve these nationality issues, and achieve inter-state and intra-state peace, development and progress in South Asia, it is necessary to take concrete measures to satisfy the national aspirations of all nationalities in a democratic manner.
3. Pakistan, being a multinational state in which this reality has not been recognized, has seen enormous conflict in its relatively short history. In the case of East Pakistan this resulted in its separation, whereas Balochistan, Sindh and NWFP in the course of this period have experienced at different times and in varying degrees, similar oppression.
4. In the context of Balochistan, the people having been through enormous, costly struggles for national rights, including armed resistance against central governmentâ?Ts oppression in the last 54 years, desire peace and just political recognition. Such recognition can come only through genuine autonomy within a restructured, federal, democratic state of Pakistan. Any arrangement for autonomy must offer guarantees for the following national rights of the people of Balochistan
· Freedom to elect all their representatives at provincial and national level.
· Access to and control of their own resources with priority being given to the development of these resources for the benefit of the people of Balochistan.
· Constitutional safeguards at the federal level against encroachments on the national and provincial rights and the autonomy of Balochistan.
· Guarantees for the rights of the minorities within Balochistan rights within the framework of provincial autonomy; also guarantees for rights of women.
Adjustments and re-demarcation of provincial boundaries on the basis of consensus and on the basis of the criterion of geographical, historical, and cultural contiguity â?" the consensus must take note also of the wishes of the people inhabiting in the area to be affected by re-d |
